Apache Module mod_proxy
Содержание
- Forward Proxies and Reverse Proxies/Gateways
- Basic Examples
- Access via Handler
- Workers
- Controlling Access to Your Proxy
- Slow Startup
- Intranet Proxy
- Protocol Adjustments
- Request Bodies
- Reverse Proxy Request Headers
- BalancerGrowth Directive
- BalancerInherit Directive
- BalancerMember Directive
- BalancerPersist Directive
- NoProxy Directive
- Proxy Directive
- Proxy100Continue Directive
- ProxyAddHeaders Directive
- ProxyBadHeader Directive
- ProxyBlock Directive
- ProxyDomain Directive
- ProxyErrorOverride Directive
- ProxyIOBufferSize Directive
- ProxyMatch Directive
- ProxyMaxForwards Directive
- ProxyPass Directive
- ProxyPassInherit Directive
- ProxyPassInterpolateEnv Directive
- ProxyPassMatch Directive
- ProxyPassReverse Directive
- ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain Directive
- ProxyPassReverseCookiePath Directive
- ProxyPreserveHost Directive
- ProxyReceiveBufferSize Directive
- ProxyRemote Directive
- ProxyRemoteMatch Directive
- ProxyRequests Directive
- ProxySet Directive
- ProxySourceAddress Directive
- ProxyStatus Directive
- ProxyTimeout Directive
- ProxyVia Directive
- Comments
Do not enable proxying with ProxyRequests until you have secured your server. Open proxy servers are dangerous both to your network and to the Internet at large.
mod_proxy and related modules implement a proxy/gateway for Apache HTTP Server, supporting a number of popular protocols as well as several different load balancing algorithms. Third-party modules can add support for additional protocols and load balancing algorithms.
A set of modules must be loaded into the server to provide the necessary features. These modules can be included statically at build time or dynamically via the LoadModule directive). The set must include:
- mod_proxy , which provides basic proxy capabilities
- mod_proxy_balancer and one or more balancer modules if load balancing is required. (See mod_proxy_balancer for more information.)
- one or more proxy scheme, or protocol, modules:
Protocol Module AJP13 (Apache JServe Protocol version 1.3) mod_proxy_ajp CONNECT (for SSL) mod_proxy_connect FastCGI mod_proxy_fcgi ftp mod_proxy_ftp HTTP/0.9, HTTP/1.0, and HTTP/1.1 mod_proxy_http HTTP/2.0 mod_proxy_http2 SCGI mod_proxy_scgi UWSGI mod_proxy_uwsgi WS and WSS (Web-sockets) mod_proxy_wstunnel
In addition, extended features are provided by other modules. Caching is provided by mod_cache and related modules. The ability to contact remote servers using the SSL/TLS protocol is provided by the SSLProxy* directives of mod_ssl . These additional modules will need to be loaded and configured to take advantage of these features.
Topics
- Forward Proxies and Reverse Proxies/Gateways
- Basic Examples
- Access via Handler
- Workers
- Controlling Access to Your Proxy
- Slow Startup
- Intranet Proxy
- Protocol Adjustments
- Request Bodies
- Reverse Proxy Request Headers
Directives
- BalancerGrowth
- BalancerInherit
- BalancerMember
- BalancerPersist
- NoProxy
- Proxy
- Proxy100Continue
- ProxyAddHeaders
- ProxyBadHeader
- ProxyBlock
- ProxyDomain
- ProxyErrorOverride
- ProxyIOBufferSize
- ProxyMatch
- ProxyMaxForwards
- ProxyPass
- ProxyPassInherit
- ProxyPassInterpolateEnv
- ProxyPassMatch
- ProxyPassReverse
- ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain
- ProxyPassReverseCookiePath
- ProxyPreserveHost
- ProxyReceiveBufferSize
- ProxyRemote
- ProxyRemoteMatch
- ProxyRequests
- ProxySet
- ProxySourceAddress
- ProxyStatus
- ProxyTimeout
- ProxyVia
Bugfix checklist
See also
- mod_cache
- mod_proxy_ajp
- mod_proxy_balancer
- mod_proxy_connect
- mod_proxy_fcgi
- mod_proxy_ftp
- mod_proxy_hcheck
- mod_proxy_http
- mod_proxy_scgi
- mod_proxy_wstunnel
- mod_ssl
Forward Proxies and Reverse Proxies/Gateways
Apache HTTP Server can be configured in both a and proxy (also known as ) mode.
An ordinary is an intermediate server that sits between the client and the origin server. In order to get content from the origin server, the client sends a request to the proxy naming the origin server as the target. The proxy then requests the content from the origin server and returns it to the client. The client must be specially configured to use the forward proxy to access other sites.
A typical usage of a forward proxy is to provide Internet access to internal clients that are otherwise restricted by a firewall. The forward proxy can also use caching (as provided by mod_cache ) to reduce network usage.
The forward proxy is activated using the ProxyRequests directive. Because forward proxies allow clients to access arbitrary sites through your server and to hide their true origin, it is essential that you secure your server so that only authorized clients can access the proxy before activating a forward proxy.
A (or ), by contrast, appears to the client just like an ordinary web server. No special configuration on the client is necessary. The client makes ordinary requests for content in the namespace of the reverse proxy. The reverse proxy then decides where to send those requests and returns the content as if it were itself the origin.
A typical usage of a reverse proxy is to provide Internet users access to a server that is behind a firewall. Reverse proxies can also be used to balance load among several back-end servers or to provide caching for a slower back-end server. In addition, reverse proxies can be used simply to bring several servers into the same URL space.
A reverse proxy is activated using the ProxyPass directive or the [P] flag to the RewriteRule directive. It is not necessary to turn ProxyRequests on in order to configure a reverse proxy.
Basic Examples
The examples below are only a very basic idea to help you get started. Please read the documentation on the individual directives.
In addition, if you wish to have caching enabled, consult the documentation from mod_cache .
Reverse Proxy
Forward Proxy
Access via Handler
You can also force a request to be handled as a reverse-proxy request, by creating a suitable Handler pass-through. The example configuration below will pass all requests for PHP scripts to the specified FastCGI server using reverse proxy:
Reverse Proxy PHP scripts
This feature is available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.10 and later.
Workers
The proxy manages the configuration of origin servers and their communication parameters in objects called . There are two built-in workers: the default forward proxy worker and the default reverse proxy worker. Additional workers can be configured explicitly.
The two default workers have a fixed configuration and will be used if no other worker matches the request. They do not use HTTP Keep-Alive or connection reuse. The TCP connections to the origin server will instead be opened and closed for each request.
Explicitly configured workers are identified by their URL. They are usually created and configured using ProxyPass or ProxyPassMatch when used for a reverse proxy:
This will create a worker associated with the origin server URL http://backend.example.com that will use the given timeout values. When used in a forward proxy, workers are usually defined via the ProxySet directive:
or alternatively using Proxy and ProxySet :
Using explicitly configured workers in the forward mode is not very common, because forward proxies usually communicate with many different origin servers. Creating explicit workers for some of the origin servers can still be useful if they are used very often. Explicitly configured workers have no concept of forward or reverse proxying by themselves. They encapsulate a common concept of communication with origin servers. A worker created by ProxyPass for use in a reverse proxy will also be used for forward proxy requests whenever the URL to the origin server matches the worker URL, and vice versa.
The URL identifying a direct worker is the URL of its origin server including any path components given:
This example defines two different workers, each using a separate connection pool and configuration.
Worker Sharing
Worker sharing happens if the worker URLs overlap, which occurs when the URL of some worker is a leading substring of the URL of another worker defined later in the configuration file. In the following example
the second worker isn’t actually created. Instead the first worker is used. The benefit is, that there is only one connection pool, so connections are more often reused. Note that all configuration attributes given explicitly for the later worker will be ignored. This will be logged as a warning. In the above example, the resulting timeout value for the URL /examples will be 60 instead of 10 !
If you want to avoid worker sharing, sort your worker definitions by URL length, starting with the longest worker URLs. If you want to maximize worker sharing, use the reverse sort order. See also the related warning about ordering ProxyPass directives.
Explicitly configured workers come in two flavors: and . They support many important configuration attributes which are described below in the ProxyPass directive. The same attributes can also be set using ProxySet .
The set of options available for a direct worker depends on the protocol which is specified in the origin server URL. Available protocols include ajp , fcgi , ftp , http and scgi .
Balancer workers are virtual workers that use direct workers known as their members to actually handle the requests. Each balancer can have multiple members. When it handles a request, it chooses a member based on the configured load balancing algorithm.
A balancer worker is created if its worker URL uses balancer as the protocol scheme. The balancer URL uniquely identifies the balancer worker. Members are added to a balancer using BalancerMember .
DNS resolution for origin domains
DNS resolution happens when the socket to the origin domain is created for the first time. When connection reuse is enabled, each backend domain is resolved only once per child process, and cached for all further connections until the child is recycled. This information should to be considered while planning DNS maintenance tasks involving backend domains. Please also check ProxyPass parameters for more details about connection reuse.
Controlling Access to Your Proxy
You can control who can access your proxy via the Proxy control block as in the following example:
For more information on access control directives, see mod_authz_host .
Strictly limiting access is essential if you are using a forward proxy (using the ProxyRequests directive). Otherwise, your server can be used by any client to access arbitrary hosts while hiding his or her true identity. This is dangerous both for your network and for the Internet at large. When using a reverse proxy (using the ProxyPass directive with ProxyRequests Off ), access control is less critical because clients can only contact the hosts that you have specifically configured.
See Also the Proxy-Chain-Auth environment variable.
Slow Startup
If you’re using the ProxyBlock directive, hostnames’ IP addresses are looked up and cached during startup for later match test. This may take a few seconds (or more) depending on the speed with which the hostname lookups occur.
Intranet Proxy
An Apache httpd proxy server situated in an intranet needs to forward external requests through the company’s firewall (for this, configure the ProxyRemote directive to forward the respective scheme to the firewall proxy). However, when it has to access resources within the intranet, it can bypass the firewall when accessing hosts. The NoProxy directive is useful for specifying which hosts belong to the intranet and should be accessed directly.
Users within an intranet tend to omit the local domain name from their WWW requests, thus requesting "http://somehost/" instead of http://somehost.example.com/ . Some commercial proxy servers let them get away with this and simply serve the request, implying a configured local domain. When the ProxyDomain directive is used and the server is configured for proxy service, Apache httpd can return a redirect response and send the client to the correct, fully qualified, server address. This is the preferred method since the user’s bookmark files will then contain fully qualified hosts.
Protocol Adjustments
For circumstances where mod_proxy is sending requests to an origin server that doesn’t properly implement keepalives or HTTP/1.1, there are two environment variables that can force the request to use HTTP/1.0 with no keepalive. These are set via the SetEnv directive.
These are the force-proxy-request-1.0 and proxy-nokeepalive notes.
In 2.4.26 and later, the "no-proxy" environment variable can be set to disable mod_proxy processing the current request. This variable should be set with SetEnvIf , as SetEnv is not evaluated early enough.
Request Bodies
Some request methods such as POST include a request body. The HTTP protocol requires that requests which include a body either use chunked transfer encoding or send a Content-Length request header. When passing these requests on to the origin server, mod_proxy_http will always attempt to send the Content-Length . But if the body is large and the original request used chunked encoding, then chunked encoding may also be used in the upstream request. You can control this selection using environment variables. Setting proxy-sendcl ensures maximum compatibility with upstream servers by always sending the Content-Length , while setting proxy-sendchunked minimizes resource usage by using chunked encoding.
Under some circumstances, the server must spool request bodies to disk to satisfy the requested handling of request bodies. For example, this spooling will occur if the original body was sent with chunked encoding (and is large), but the administrator has asked for backend requests to be sent with Content-Length or as HTTP/1.0. This spooling can also occur if the request body already has a Content-Length header, but the server is configured to filter incoming request bodies.
LimitRequestBody only applies to request bodies that the server will spool to disk
Reverse Proxy Request Headers
When acting in a reverse-proxy mode (using the ProxyPass directive, for example), mod_proxy_http adds several request headers in order to pass information to the origin server. These headers are:
X-Forwarded-For The IP address of the client. X-Forwarded-Host The original host requested by the client in the Host HTTP request header. X-Forwarded-Server The hostname of the proxy server.
Be careful when using these headers on the origin server, since they will contain more than one (comma-separated) value if the original request already contained one of these headers. For example, you can use %i in the log format string of the origin server to log the original clients IP address, but you may get more than one address if the request passes through several proxies.
See also the ProxyPreserveHost and ProxyVia directives, which control other request headers.
Note: If you need to specify custom request headers to be added to the forwarded request, use the RequestHeader directive.
BalancerGrowth Directive
Description: | Number of additional Balancers that can be added Post-configuration |
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Syntax: | BalancerGrowth # |
Default: | BalancerGrowth 5 |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | BalancerGrowth is only available in Apache HTTP Server 2.3.13 and later. |
This directive allows for growth potential in the number of Balancers available for a virtualhost in addition to the number pre-configured. It only takes effect if there is at least one pre-configured Balancer.
BalancerInherit Directive
Description: | Inherit ProxyPassed Balancers/Workers from the main server |
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Syntax: | BalancerInherit On|Off |
Default: | BalancerInherit On |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | BalancerInherit is only available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.5 and later. |
This directive will cause the current server/vhost to "inherit" ProxyPass Balancers and Workers defined in the main server. This can cause issues and inconsistent behavior if using the Balancer Manager and so should be disabled if using that feature.
The setting in the global server defines the default for all vhosts.
BalancerMember Directive
Description: | Add a member to a load balancing group |
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Syntax: | BalancerMember [ balancerurl ] url [ key=value [key=value . ]] |
Context: | directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | BalancerMember is only available in Apache HTTP Server 2.2 and later. |
This directive adds a member to a load balancing group. It can be used within a Proxy balancer:// . container directive and can take any of the key value pair parameters available to ProxyPass directives.
One additional parameter is available only to BalancerMember directives: loadfactor . This is the member load factor — a decimal number between 1.0 (default) and 100.0, which defines the weighted load to be applied to the member in question.
The balancerurl is only needed when not within a Proxy balancer:// . container directive. It corresponds to the url of a balancer defined in ProxyPass directive.
The path component of the balancer URL in any Proxy balancer:// . container directive is ignored.
Trailing slashes should typically be removed from the URL of a BalancerMember .
BalancerPersist Directive
Description: | Attempt to persist changes made by the Balancer Manager across restarts. |
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Syntax: | BalancerPersist On|Off |
Default: | BalancerPersist Off |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | BalancerPersist is only available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.4 and later. |
This directive will cause the shared memory storage associated with the balancers and balancer members to be persisted across restarts. This allows these local changes to not be lost during the normal restart/graceful state transitions.
NoProxy Directive
Description: | Hosts, domains, or networks that will be connected to directly |
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Syntax: | NoProxy host [ host ] . |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This directive is only useful for Apache httpd proxy servers within intranets. The NoProxy directive specifies a list of subnets, IP addresses, hosts and/or domains, separated by spaces. A request to a host which matches one or more of these is always served directly, without forwarding to the configured ProxyRemote proxy server(s).
Example
The host arguments to the NoProxy directive are one of the following type list:
A is a partially qualified DNS domain name, preceded by a period. It represents a list of hosts which logically belong to the same DNS domain or zone (i.e., the suffixes of the hostnames are all ending in Domain ).
Examples
To distinguish Domain s from Hostname s (both syntactically and semantically; a DNS domain can have a DNS A record, too!), Domain s are always written with a leading period.
Domain name comparisons are done without regard to the case, and Domain s are always assumed to be anchored in the root of the DNS tree; therefore, the two domains .ExAmple.com and .example.com. (note the trailing period) are considered equal. Since a domain comparison does not involve a DNS lookup, it is much more efficient than subnet comparison.
A is a partially qualified internet address in numeric (dotted quad) form, optionally followed by a slash and the netmask, specified as the number of significant bits in the SubNet . It is used to represent a subnet of hosts which can be reached over a common network interface. In the absence of the explicit net mask it is assumed that omitted (or zero valued) trailing digits specify the mask. (In this case, the netmask can only be multiples of 8 bits wide.) Examples:
192.168 or 192.168.0.0 the subnet 192.168.0.0 with an implied netmask of 16 valid bits (sometimes used in the netmask form 255.255.0.0 ) 192.168.112.0/21 the subnet 192.168.112.0/21 with a netmask of 21 valid bits (also used in the form 255.255.248.0 )
As a degenerate case, a SubNet with 32 valid bits is the equivalent to an IPAddr , while a SubNet with zero valid bits (e.g., 0.0.0.0/0) is the same as the constant _Default_ , matching any IP address.
A represents a fully qualified internet address in numeric (dotted quad) form. Usually, this address represents a host, but there need not necessarily be a DNS domain name connected with the address.
Example
An IPAddr does not need to be resolved by the DNS system, so it can result in more effective apache performance.
A is a fully qualified DNS domain name which can be resolved to one or more IPAddrs via the DNS domain name service. It represents a logical host (in contrast to Domain s, see above) and must be resolvable to at least one IPAddr (or often to a list of hosts with different IPAddr s).
Examples
In many situations, it is more effective to specify an IPAddr in place of a Hostname since a DNS lookup can be avoided. Name resolution in Apache httpd can take a remarkable deal of time when the connection to the name server uses a slow PPP link.
Hostname comparisons are done without regard to the case, and Hostname s are always assumed to be anchored in the root of the DNS tree; therefore, the two hosts WWW.ExAmple.com and www.example.com. (note the trailing period) are considered equal.
See also
Proxy Directive
Description: | Container for directives applied to proxied resources |
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Syntax: | Proxy wildcard-url . /Proxy |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Directives placed in Proxy sections apply only to matching proxied content. Shell-style wildcards are allowed.
For example, the following will allow only hosts in yournetwork.example.com to access content via your proxy server:
The following example will process all files in the foo directory of example.com through the INCLUDES filter when they are sent through the proxy server:
Differences from the Location configuration section
A backend URL matches the configuration section if it begins with the the wildcard-url string, even if the last path segment in the directive only matches a prefix of the backend URL. For example, Proxy "http://example.com/foo" matches all of http://example.com/foo, http://example.com/foo/bar, and http://example.com/foobar. The matching of the final URL differs from the behavior of the Location section, which for purposes of this note treats the final path component as if it ended in a slash.
For more control over the matching, see ProxyMatch .
See also
Proxy100Continue Directive
Description: | Forward 100-continue expectation to the origin server |
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Syntax: | Proxy100Continue Off|On |
Default: | Proxy100Continue On |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Available in version 2.4.40 and later |
This directive determines whether the proxy should forward 100-continue Expect:ation to the origin server and thus let it decide when/if the HTTP request body should be read, or when Off the proxy should generate 100 Continue intermediate response by itself before forwarding the request body.
Effectiveness
This option is of use only for HTTP proxying, as handled by mod_proxy_http .
ProxyAddHeaders Directive
Description: | Add proxy information in X-Forwarded-* headers |
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Syntax: | ProxyAddHeaders Off|On |
Default: | ProxyAddHeaders On |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Available in version 2.3.10 and later |
This directive determines whether or not proxy related information should be passed to the backend server through X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Host and X-Forwarded-Server HTTP headers.
Effectiveness
This option is of use only for HTTP proxying, as handled by mod_proxy_http .
ProxyBadHeader Directive
Description: | Determines how to handle bad header lines in a response |
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Syntax: | ProxyBadHeader IsError|Ignore|StartBody |
Default: | ProxyBadHeader IsError |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
The ProxyBadHeader directive determines the behavior of mod_proxy if it receives syntactically invalid response header lines (i.e. containing no colon) from the origin server. The following arguments are possible:
IsError Abort the request and end up with a 502 (Bad Gateway) response. This is the default behavior. Ignore Treat bad header lines as if they weren’t sent. StartBody When receiving the first bad header line, finish reading the headers and treat the remainder as body. This helps to work around buggy backend servers which forget to insert an empty line between the headers and the body.
ProxyBlock Directive
Description: | Words, hosts, or domains that are banned from being proxied |
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Syntax: | ProxyBlock *| word | host | domain [ word | host | domain ] . |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
The ProxyBlock directive specifies a list of words, hosts and/or domains, separated by spaces. HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP document requests to sites whose names contain matched words, hosts or domains are blocked by the proxy server. The proxy module will also attempt to determine IP addresses of list items which may be hostnames during startup, and cache them for match test as well. That may slow down the startup time of the server.
Example
Note that example would also be sufficient to match any of these sites.
Hosts would also be matched if referenced by IP address.
blocks connections to all sites.
ProxyDomain Directive
Description: | Default domain name for proxied requests |
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Syntax: | ProxyDomain Domain |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This directive is only useful for Apache httpd proxy servers within intranets. The ProxyDomain directive specifies the default domain which the apache proxy server will belong to. If a request to a host without a domain name is encountered, a redirection response to the same host with the configured Domain appended will be generated.
Example
ProxyErrorOverride Directive
Description: | Override error pages for proxied content |
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Syntax: | ProxyErrorOverride Off|On [ code . ] |
Default: | ProxyErrorOverride Off |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | The list of status codes was added in 2.5.1 |
This directive is useful for reverse-proxy setups where you want to have a common look and feel on the error pages seen by the end user. This also allows for included files (via mod_include ‘s SSI) to get the error code and act accordingly. (Default behavior would display the error page of the proxied server. Turning this on shows the SSI Error message.)
This directive does not affect the processing of informational (1xx), normal success (2xx), or redirect (3xx) responses.
By default ProxyErrorOverride affects all responses with codes between 400 (including) and 600 (excluding).
Example for default behavior
To change the default behavior, you can specify the status codes to consider, separated by spaces. If you do so, all other status codes will be ignored. You can only specify status codes, that are considered error codes: between 400 (including) and 600 (excluding).
Example for custom status codes
ProxyIOBufferSize Directive
Description: | Determine size of internal data throughput buffer |
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Syntax: | ProxyIOBufferSize bytes |
Default: | ProxyIOBufferSize 8192 |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
The ProxyIOBufferSize directive adjusts the size of the internal buffer which is used as a scratchpad for the data between input and output. The size must be at least 512 .
In almost every case, there’s no reason to change that value.
If used with AJP, this directive sets the maximum AJP packet size in bytes. Values larger than 65536 are set to 65536. If you change it from the default, you must also change the packetSize attribute of your AJP connector on the Tomcat side! The attribute packetSize is only available in Tomcat 5.5.20+ and 6.0.2+
Normally it is not necessary to change the maximum packet size. Problems with the default value have been reported when sending certificates or certificate chains.
ProxyMatch Directive
Description: | Container for directives applied to regular-expression-matched proxied resources |
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Syntax: | ProxyMatch regex . /ProxyMatch |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
The ProxyMatch directive is identical to the Proxy directive, except that it matches URLs using regular expressions.
From 2.4.8 onwards, named groups and backreferences are captured and written to the environment with the corresponding name prefixed with "MATCH_" and in upper case. This allows elements of URLs to be referenced from within expressions and modules like mod_rewrite . In order to prevent confusion, numbered (unnamed) backreferences are ignored. Use named groups instead.
See also
ProxyMaxForwards Directive
Description: | Maximum number of proxies that a request can be forwarded through |
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Syntax: | ProxyMaxForwards number |
Default: | ProxyMaxForwards -1 |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Default behaviour changed in 2.2.7 |
The ProxyMaxForwards directive specifies the maximum number of proxies through which a request may pass if there’s no Max-Forwards header supplied with the request. This may be set to prevent infinite proxy loops or a DoS attack.
Example
Note that setting ProxyMaxForwards is a violation of the HTTP/1.1 protocol (RFC2616), which forbids a Proxy setting Max-Forwards if the Client didn’t set it. Earlier Apache httpd versions would always set it. A negative ProxyMaxForwards value, including the default -1, gives you protocol-compliant behavior but may leave you open to loops.
ProxyPass Directive
Description: | Maps remote servers into the local server URL-space |
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Syntax: | ProxyPass [ path ] !| url [ key=value [key=value . ]] [nocanon] [interpolate] [noquery] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Unix Domain Socket (UDS) support added in 2.4.7 |
This directive allows remote servers to be mapped into the space of the local server. The local server does not act as a proxy in the conventional sense but appears to be a mirror of the remote server. The local server is often called a or . The path is the name of a local virtual path; url is a partial URL for the remote server and cannot include a query string.
In 2.4.7 and later, support for using a Unix Domain Socket is available by using a target which prepends unix:/path/lis.sock| . For example, to proxy HTTP and target the UDS at /home/www.socket, you would use unix:/home/www.socket|http://localhost/whatever/ .
When used inside a Location section, the first argument is omitted and the local directory is obtained from the Location . The same will occur inside a LocationMatch section; however, ProxyPass does not interpret the regexp as such, so it is necessary to use ProxyPassMatch in this situation instead.
Suppose the local server has address http://example.com/ ; then
will cause a local request for http://example.com/mirror/foo/bar to be internally converted into a proxy request to http://backend.example.com/bar .
If you require a more flexible reverse-proxy configuration, see the RewriteRule directive with the [P] flag.
The following alternative syntax is possible; however, it can carry a performance penalty when present in very large numbers. The advantage of the below syntax is that it allows for dynamic control via the Balancer Manager interface:
If the first argument ends with a trailing /, the second argument should also end with a trailing /, and vice versa. Otherwise, the resulting requests to the backend may miss some needed slashes and do not deliver the expected results.
The ! directive is useful in situations where you don’t want to reverse-proxy a subdirectory, e.g.
will proxy all requests to /mirror/foo to backend.example.com except requests made to /mirror/foo/i .
Mixing ProxyPass settings in different contexts does not work:
In this case, a request to /mirror/foo/i will get proxied, because the ProxyPass directive in the Location block will be evaluated first. The fact that ProxyPass supports both server and directory contexts does not mean that their scope and position in the configuration file will guarantee any ordering or override.
Ordering ProxyPass Directives
The configured ProxyPass and ProxyPassMatch rules are checked in the order of configuration. The first rule that matches wins. So usually you should sort conflicting ProxyPass rules starting with the longest URLs first. Otherwise, later rules for longer URLS will be hidden by any earlier rule which uses a leading substring of the URL. Note that there is some relation with worker sharing.
Ordering ProxyPass Directives in Locations
Only one ProxyPass directive can be placed in a Location block, and the most specific location will take precedence.
Exclusions and the no-proxy environment variable
Exclusions must come before the general ProxyPass directives. In 2.4.26 and later, the "no-proxy" environment variable is an alternative to exclusions, and is the only way to configure an exclusion of a ProxyPass directive in Location context. This variable should be set with SetEnvIf , as SetEnv is not evaluated early enough.
ProxyPass key=value Parameters
In Apache HTTP Server 2.1 and later, mod_proxy supports pooled connections to a backend server. Connections created on demand can be retained in a pool for future use. Limits on the pool size and other settings can be coded on the ProxyPass directive using key=value parameters, described in the tables below.
Maximum connections to the backend
By default, mod_proxy will allow and retain the maximum number of connections that could be used simultaneously by that web server child process. Use the max parameter to reduce the number from the default. The pool of connections is maintained per web server child process, and max and other settings are not coordinated among all child processes, except when only one child process is allowed by configuration or MPM design.
Use the ttl parameter to set an optional time to live; connections which have been unused for at least ttl seconds will be closed. ttl can be used to avoid using a connection which is subject to closing because of the backend server’s keep-alive timeout.
Example
Worker|BalancerMember parameters |
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Parameter | Default | Description |
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min | 0 | Minimum number of connection pool entries, unrelated to the actual number of connections. This only needs to be modified from the default for special circumstances where heap memory associated with the backend connections should be preallocated or retained. |
max | 1. n | Maximum number of connections that will be allowed to the backend server. The default for this limit is the number of threads per process in the active MPM. In the Prefork MPM, this is always 1, while with other MPMs, it is controlled by the ThreadsPerChild directive. |
smax | max | Retained connection pool entries above this limit are freed during certain operations if they have been unused for longer than the time to live, controlled by the ttl parameter. If the connection pool entry has an associated connection, it will be closed. This only needs to be modified from the default for special circumstances where connection pool entries and any associated connections which have exceeded the time to live need to be freed or closed more aggressively. |
acquire | — | If set, this will be the maximum time to wait for a free connection in the connection pool, in milliseconds. If there are no free connections in the pool, the Apache httpd will return SERVER_BUSY status to the client. |
connectiontimeout | timeout | Connect timeout in seconds. The number of seconds Apache httpd waits for the creation of a connection to the backend to complete. By adding a postfix of ms, the timeout can be also set in milliseconds. |
disablereuse | Off | This parameter should be used when you want to force mod_proxy to immediately close a connection to the backend after being used, and thus, disable its persistent connection and pool for that backend. This helps in various situations where a firewall between Apache httpd and the backend server (regardless of protocol) tends to silently drop connections or when backends themselves may be under round- robin DNS. When connection reuse is enabled each backend domain is resolved (with a DNS query) only once per child process and cached for all further connections until the child is recycled. To disable connection reuse, set this property value to On . |
enablereuse | On | This is the inverse of ‘disablereuse’ above, provided as a convenience for scheme handlers that require opt-in for connection reuse (such as mod_proxy_fcgi ). 2.4.11 and later only. |
flushpackets | off | Determines whether the proxy module will auto-flush the output brigade after each "chunk" of data. ‘off’ means that it will flush only when needed; ‘on’ means after each chunk is sent; and ‘auto’ means poll/wait for a period of time and flush if no input has been received for ‘flushwait’ milliseconds. Currently, this is in effect only for mod_proxy_ajp and mod_proxy_fcgi. |
flushwait | 10 | The time to wait for additional input, in milliseconds, before flushing the output brigade if ‘flushpackets’ is ‘auto’. |
iobuffersize | 8192 | Adjusts the size of the internal scratchpad IO buffer. This allows you to override the ProxyIOBufferSize for a specific worker. This must be at least 512 or set to 0 for the system default of 8192. |
responsefieldsize | 8192 | Adjust the size of the proxy response field buffer. The buffer size should be at least the size of the largest expected header size from a proxied response. Setting the value to 0 will use the system default of 8192 bytes. Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.34 and later. |
keepalive | Off |
This parameter should be used when you have a firewall between your Apache httpd and the backend server, which tends to drop inactive connections. This flag will tell the Operating System to send KEEP_ALIVE messages on inactive connections and thus prevent the firewall from dropping the connection. To enable keepalive, set this property value to On . The frequency of initial and subsequent TCP keepalive probes depends on global OS settings, and may be as high as 2 hours. To be useful, the frequency configured in the OS must be smaller than the threshold used by the firewall. Name of the provider used by mod_proxy_fdpass . See the documentation of this module for more details. Protocol accepted in the Upgrade header by mod_proxy_wstunnel . See the documentation of this module for more details. If the Proxy directive scheme starts with the balancer:// (eg: balancer://cluster , any path information is ignored), then a virtual worker that does not really communicate with the backend server will be created. Instead, it is responsible for the management of several "real" workers. In that case, the special set of parameters can be added to this virtual worker. See mod_proxy_balancer for more information about how the balancer works. |
Balancer parameters |
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Parameter | Default | Description |
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lbmethod | byrequests | Balancer load-balance method. Select the load-balancing scheduler method to use. Either byrequests , to perform weighted request counting; bytraffic , to perform weighted traffic byte count balancing; or bybusyness , to perform pending request balancing. The default is byrequests . |
maxattempts | One less than the number of workers, or 1 with a single worker. | Maximum number of failover attempts before giving up. |
nofailover | Off | If set to On , the session will break if the worker is in error state or disabled. Set this value to On if backend servers do not support session replication. |
stickysession | — | Balancer sticky session name. The value is usually set to something like JSESSIONID or PHPSESSIONID , and it depends on the backend application server that support sessions. If the backend application server uses different name for cookies and url encoded id (like servlet containers) use | to separate them. The first part is for the cookie the second for the path. Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.4 and later. |
stickysessionsep | "." | Sets the separation symbol in the session cookie. Some backend application servers do not use the ‘.’ as the symbol. For example, the Oracle Weblogic server uses ‘!’. The correct symbol can be set using this option. The setting of ‘Off’ signifies that no symbol is used. |
scolonpathdelim | Off | If set to On , the semi-colon character ‘;’ will be used as an additional sticky session path delimiter/separator. This is mainly used to emulate mod_jk’s behavior when dealing with paths such as JSESSIONID=6736bcf34;foo=aabfa |
timeout | 0 | Balancer timeout in seconds. If set, this will be the maximum time to wait for a free worker. The default is to not wait. |
failonstatus | — | A single or comma-separated list of HTTP status codes. If set, this will force the worker into error state when the backend returns any status code in the list. Worker recovery behaves the same as other worker errors. |
failontimeout | Off | If set, an IO read timeout after a request is sent to the backend will force the worker into error state. Worker recovery behaves the same as other worker errors. Available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.5 and later. |
nonce | auto | The protective nonce used in the balancer-manager application page. The default is to use an automatically determined UUID-based nonce, to provide for further protection for the page. If set, then the nonce is set to that value. A setting of None disables all nonce checking.
In addition to the nonce, the balancer-manager page should be protected via an ACL. A sample balancer setup: Configuring hot spares can help ensure that a certain number of workers are always available for use per load balancer set: Setting up a hot-standby that will only be used if no other members (or spares) are available in the load balancer set: Additional ProxyPass Keywords Normally, mod_proxy will canonicalise ProxyPassed URLs. But this may be incompatible with some backends, particularly those that make use of PATH_INFO . The optional nocanon keyword suppresses this and passes the URL path "raw" to the backend. Note that this keyword may affect the security of your backend, as it removes the normal limited protection against URL-based attacks provided by the proxy. Normally, mod_proxy will include the query string when generating the SCRIPT_FILENAME environment variable. The optional noquery keyword (available in httpd 2.4.1 and later) prevents this. The optional interpolate keyword, in combination with ProxyPassInterpolateEnv , causes the ProxyPass to interpolate environment variables, using the syntax $ ProxyPassInherit Directive |
Description: | Inherit ProxyPass directives defined from the main server |
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Syntax: | ProxyPassInherit On|Off |
Default: | ProxyPassInherit On |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | ProxyPassInherit is only available in Apache HTTP Server 2.4.5 and later. |
This directive will cause the current server/vhost to "inherit" ProxyPass directives defined in the main server. This can cause issues and inconsistent behavior if using the Balancer Manager for dynamic changes and so should be disabled if using that feature.
The setting in the global server defines the default for all vhosts.
Disabling ProxyPassInherit also disables BalancerInherit .
ProxyPassInterpolateEnv Directive
Description: | Enable Environment Variable interpolation in Reverse Proxy configurations |
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Syntax: | ProxyPassInterpolateEnv On|Off |
Default: | ProxyPassInterpolateEnv Off |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Available in httpd 2.2.9 and later |
This directive, together with the interpolate argument to ProxyPass , ProxyPassReverse , ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain , and ProxyPassReverseCookiePath , enables reverse proxies to be dynamically configured using environment variables which may be set by another module such as mod_rewrite . It affects the ProxyPass , ProxyPassReverse , ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain , and ProxyPassReverseCookiePath directives and causes them to substitute the value of an environment variable varname for the string $
The scheme/hostname/port portion of ProxyPass may contain variables, but only the ones available when the directive is parsed (for example, using Define ). For all the other use cases, please consider using mod_rewrite instead.
Performance warning
Keep this turned off unless you need it! Adding variables to ProxyPass for example may lead to the use of the default mod_proxy’s workers configured (that don’t allow any fine tuning like connections reuse, etc..).
ProxyPassMatch Directive
Description: | Maps remote servers into the local server URL-space using regular expressions |
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Syntax: | ProxyPassMatch [ regex ] !| url [ key=value [key=value . ]] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This directive is equivalent to ProxyPass but makes use of regular expressions instead of simple prefix matching. The supplied regular expression is matched against the url , and if it matches, the server will substitute any parenthesized matches into the given string and use it as a new url .
Suppose the local server has address http://example.com/ ; then
will cause a local request for http://example.com/foo/bar.gif to be internally converted into a proxy request to http://backend.example.com/foo/bar.gif .
The URL argument must be parsable as a URL before regexp substitutions (as well as after). This limits the matches you can use. For instance, if we had used
in our previous example, it would fail with a syntax error at server startup. This is a bug (PR 46665 in the ASF bugzilla), and the workaround is to reformulate the match:
The ! directive is useful in situations where you don’t want to reverse-proxy a subdirectory.
When used inside a LocationMatch section, the first argument is omitted and the regexp is obtained from the LocationMatch .
If you require a more flexible reverse-proxy configuration, see the RewriteRule directive with the [P] flag.
Default Substitution
When the URL parameter doesn’t use any backreferences into the regular expression, the original URL will be appended to the URL parameter.
Security Warning
Take care when constructing the target URL of the rule, considering the security impact from allowing the client influence over the set of URLs to which your server will act as a proxy. Ensure that the scheme and hostname part of the URL is either fixed or does not allow the client undue influence.
ProxyPassReverse Directive
Description: | Adjusts the URL in HTTP response headers sent from a reverse proxied server |
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Syntax: | ProxyPassReverse [ path ] url [ interpolate ] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This directive lets Apache httpd adjust the URL in the Location , Content-Location and URI headers on HTTP redirect responses. This is essential when Apache httpd is used as a reverse proxy (or gateway) to avoid bypassing the reverse proxy because of HTTP redirects on the backend servers which stay behind the reverse proxy.
Only the HTTP response headers specifically mentioned above will be rewritten. Apache httpd will not rewrite other response headers, nor will it by default rewrite URL references inside HTML pages. This means that if the proxied content contains absolute URL references, they will bypass the proxy. To rewrite HTML content to match the proxy, you must load and enable mod_proxy_html .
path is the name of a local virtual path; url is a partial URL for the remote server. These parameters are used the same way as for the ProxyPass directive.
For example, suppose the local server has address http://example.com/ ; then
will not only cause a local request for the http://example.com/mirror/foo/bar to be internally converted into a proxy request to http://backend.example.com/bar (the functionality which ProxyPass provides here). It also takes care of redirects which the server backend.example.com sends when redirecting http://backend.example.com/bar to http://backend.example.com/quux . Apache httpd adjusts this to http://example.com/mirror/foo/quux before forwarding the HTTP redirect response to the client. Note that the hostname used for constructing the URL is chosen in respect to the setting of the UseCanonicalName directive.
Note that this ProxyPassReverse directive can also be used in conjunction with the proxy feature ( RewriteRule . [P] ) from mod_rewrite because it doesn’t depend on a corresponding ProxyPass directive.
The optional interpolate keyword, used together with ProxyPassInterpolateEnv , enables interpolation of environment variables specified using the format $
When used inside a Location section, the first argument is omitted and the local directory is obtained from the Location . The same occurs inside a LocationMatch section, but will probably not work as intended, as ProxyPassReverse will interpret the regexp literally as a path; if needed in this situation, specify the ProxyPassReverse outside the section or in a separate Location section.
This directive is not supported in Directory or Files sections.
ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain Directive
Description: | Adjusts the Domain string in Set-Cookie headers from a reverse- proxied server |
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Syntax: | ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain internal-domain public-domain [ interpolate ] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Usage is basically similar to ProxyPassReverse , but instead of rewriting headers that are a URL, this rewrites the domain string in Set-Cookie headers.
ProxyPassReverseCookiePath Directive
Description: | Adjusts the Path string in Set-Cookie headers from a reverse- proxied server |
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Syntax: | ProxyPassReverseCookiePath internal-path public-path [ interpolate ] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Useful in conjunction with ProxyPassReverse in situations where backend URL paths are mapped to public paths on the reverse proxy. This directive rewrites the path string in Set-Cookie headers. If the beginning of the cookie path matches internal-path , the cookie path will be replaced with public-path .
In the example given with ProxyPassReverse , the directive:
will rewrite a cookie with backend path / (or /example or, in fact, anything) to /mirror/foo/ .
ProxyPreserveHost Directive
Description: | Use incoming Host HTTP request header for proxy request |
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Syntax: | ProxyPreserveHost On|Off |
Default: | ProxyPreserveHost Off |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Usable in directory context in 2.3.3 and later. |
When enabled, this option will pass the Host: line from the incoming request to the proxied host, instead of the hostname specified in the ProxyPass line.
This option should normally be turned Off . It is mostly useful in special configurations like proxied mass name-based virtual hosting, where the original Host header needs to be evaluated by the backend server.
ProxyReceiveBufferSize Directive
Description: | Network buffer size for proxied HTTP and FTP connections |
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Syntax: | ProxyReceiveBufferSize bytes |
Default: | ProxyReceiveBufferSize 0 |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
The ProxyReceiveBufferSize directive specifies an explicit (TCP/IP) network buffer size for proxied HTTP and FTP connections, for increased throughput. It has to be greater than 512 or set to 0 to indicate that the system’s default buffer size should be used.
Example
ProxyRemote Directive
Description: | Remote proxy used to handle certain requests |
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Syntax: | ProxyRemote match remote-server |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This defines remote proxies to this proxy. match is either the name of a URL-scheme that the remote server supports, or a partial URL for which the remote server should be used, or * to indicate the server should be contacted for all requests. remote-server is a partial URL for the remote server. Syntax:
= scheme :// hostname [: port ]
scheme is effectively the protocol that should be used to communicate with the remote server; only http and https are supported by this module. When using https , the requests are forwarded through the remote proxy using the HTTP CONNECT method.
Example
In the last example, the proxy will forward FTP requests, encapsulated as yet another HTTP proxy request, to another proxy which can handle them.
This option also supports reverse proxy configuration; a backend webserver can be embedded within a virtualhost URL space even if that server is hidden by another forward proxy.
ProxyRemoteMatch Directive
Description: | Remote proxy used to handle requests matched by regular expressions |
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Syntax: | ProxyRemoteMatch regex remote-server |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
The ProxyRemoteMatch is identical to the ProxyRemote directive, except that the first argument is a regular expression match against the requested URL.
ProxyRequests Directive
Description: | Enables forward (standard) proxy requests |
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Syntax: | ProxyRequests On|Off |
Default: | ProxyRequests Off |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This allows or prevents Apache httpd from functioning as a forward proxy server. (Setting ProxyRequests to Off does not disable use of the ProxyPass directive.)
In a typical reverse proxy or gateway configuration, this option should be set to Off .
In order to get the functionality of proxying HTTP or FTP sites, you need also mod_proxy_http or mod_proxy_ftp (or both) present in the server.
In order to get the functionality of (forward) proxying HTTPS sites, you need mod_proxy_connect enabled in the server.
Warning
Do not enable proxying with ProxyRequests until you have secured your server. Open proxy servers are dangerous both to your network and to the Internet at large.
See also
ProxySet Directive
Description: | Set various Proxy balancer or member parameters |
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Syntax: | ProxySet url key=value [key=value . ] |
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | ProxySet is only available in Apache HTTP Server 2.2 and later. |
This directive is used as an alternate method of setting any of the parameters available to Proxy balancers and workers normally done via the ProxyPass directive. If used within a Proxy balancer url|worker url container directive, the url argument is not required. As a side effect the respective balancer or worker gets created. This can be useful when doing reverse proxying via a RewriteRule instead of a ProxyPass directive.
Warning
Keep in mind that the same parameter key can have a different meaning depending whether it is applied to a balancer or a worker, as shown by the two examples above regarding timeout.
ProxySourceAddress Directive
Description: | Set local IP address for outgoing proxy connections |
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Syntax: | ProxySourceAddress address |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Available in version 2.3.9 and later |
This directive allows to set a specific local address to bind to when connecting to a backend server.
ProxyStatus Directive
Description: | Show Proxy LoadBalancer status in mod_status |
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Syntax: | ProxyStatus Off|On|Full |
Default: | ProxyStatus Off |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
Compatibility: | Available in version 2.2 and later |
This directive determines whether or not proxy loadbalancer status data is displayed via the mod_status server-status page.
Full is synonymous with On
ProxyTimeout Directive
Description: | Network timeout for proxied requests |
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Syntax: | ProxyTimeout seconds |
Default: | Value of Timeout |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This directive allows a user to specify a timeout on proxy requests. This is useful when you have a slow/buggy appserver which hangs, and you would rather just return a timeout and fail gracefully instead of waiting however long it takes the server to return.
ProxyVia Directive
Description: | Information provided in the Via HTTP response header for proxied requests |
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Syntax: | ProxyVia On|Off|Full|Block |
Default: | ProxyVia Off |
Context: | server config, virtual host |
Status: | Extension |
Module: | mod_proxy |
This directive controls the use of the Via: HTTP header by the proxy. Its intended use is to control the flow of proxy requests along a chain of proxy servers. See RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1), section 14.45 for an explanation of Via: header lines.
- If set to Off , which is the default, no special processing is performed. If a request or reply contains a Via: header, it is passed through unchanged.
- If set to On , each request and reply will get a Via: header line added for the current host.
- If set to Full , each generated Via: header line will additionally have the Apache httpd server version shown as a Via: comment field.
- If set to Block , every proxy request will have all its Via: header lines removed. No new Via: header will be generated.
Comments
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